Tephra filling the glacial lagoon of GÃgjökulslón, carried by floods down the outlet glacier GÃgjökull.3. Winds are blowing the ash over Europe, causing flights to remain grounded. Magma is melting its way through the icecap producing a circular ice free area by the summit 200 meters in diameter. Tephra fall is minor or insignificant. Eruptions are continuing at the volcano. ENVISAT ASAR images before and during the eruption have been acquired, and a series of TerraSAR-X images cover the area.Background:The eruption is located on about 2 km wide pass of ice-free land between Eyjafjallajökull and the neighbouring Katla volcano with its overlying Myrdalsjökull ice cap. It was a Strombolian eruption in the first phase and Vulcanian in the second phase. see memo by Thorvaldur Thordarson, Guðrún Larsen and Ãrmann Höskuldsson, Hazard due to eruptions and floods from Katla and Eyjafjallajökull, south Iceland, Eyjafjallajökull eruption: 20 March to present, Map of the lava flow on Fimmvörðuháls from 21 March - 7 April 2010, Eyjafjallajokull Volcano - GPS Time Series, New map of the lava flow from 21 - 24 March 2010, Results from observations flights over the eruption site 21 and 22 March 2010, http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1702-02=, http://www.vedur.is/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_013.pdf, http://www.raunvis.hi.is/~mtg/nemritg/BV-MS_2009.pdf, InSAR based sill model links spatially offset areas of deformation and seismicity for the 1994 unrest episode at Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland. Samples collected 19 April have 850 mg/kg (initially it was 25-35 mg/kg). Eruption update 23 AprilSimilar situation for the last two days (see 21 April report). thesis, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland. The eruption was preceded with intense seismicity and high rates of deformation in the weeks before the eruption, in association with magma recharging of the volcano. BGS scientists respond to volcanic eruptions and contribute to the Scientific Advisory Group in Emergencies (SAGE The eruption started at the 14th of April, but the dimensions of the cauldrons on the image are drawn according to a radar image from the Icelandic Coastguard, taken on the 20th of April. Insight into the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull from GPS data - Sigrún Hreinsdóttir and Ãóra ÃrnadóttirIn the first two days of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano summit eruption (14. Present eruption rate is estimated to less than 30 m3/s of magma, or 75 tonnes/s , with a large uncertainty.Eruptive style: The northernmost one of two main craters in the summit caldera is active. As of August 2010, Eyjafjallajökull ⦠Ash emissions from Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland are decreasing as parts of the glacier have melted, allowing lava to reach the surface without magma-water interaction. Modeling of the GPS data suggest deformation due to a volume change of a shallow magma source (1 km depth). Explosive activity at the eruptive site and seismic tremor continue at a relatively stable rate without a decline overnight. Chemical analyses of ash samples reveal fluorine rich intermediate eruptive products with silica content of 58%, more evolved than in the initial lava producing phase of the eruptive activity. Lightning continues to be recorded in the eruption plume from Eyjafjallajokull volcano with a rate of about 30 strikes per day. M.Sc. The eruption was declared officially over in October 2010, when snow on the glacier did not melt. Over time, the earthquakes rose towards the surface, and land near the volcano rose at least 40 millimeters (2 inches)âboth indications that magma was moving underneath the volcano. The ice walls at the southwestern corner of the crater are melting, i.e. Ash emissions were reaching 28,000 ft. On 16th April there was a glacial outburst, and water level in Markarfljót rose by 50 centimeters at 6pm. An earthquake swarm was recorded beneath the volcano between 23:54 hr (14th May) and 02:45 (15th May). Ashfall has been reported in Britain. Eruption update 21 AprilEruption continues with less explosive activity. Compiled by: Freysteinn Sigmundsson and Ingibjörg Jónsdóttir, Radar observations at the Eyjafjallajöklull eruption site 15 - 16 AprÃl 2010 - Eyjólfur Magnússon (pdf-file). On the northern side a tephra wall rises 20 meters above the water. Pulses are observed off and on. Although the volcanic eruptions were relatively small, the effects had a hugely debilitating impact on the European airline industry. Map of the lava flow on Fimmvörðuháls from 21 March - 7 April 2010 (by Eyjólfur Magnússon, pdf file), A view from space on the crustal deformation associated with magma intrusion - preceding the March 20th eruptionFirst interferometric analysis of synthetic aperture radar images acquired by satellites reveal extensive deformation associated with a magmatic intrusion under Eyjafjallajökull preceding the eruption. Lava flows short distance from the eruptive site, and minor eruption plume atelevation less than 1 km was deflected by wind to the west. There was a 40 mm inflation of the volcano. Craters in autumn. An eruption began in South Iceland in late evening of 20 March 2010 at the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system (also known as Eyjafjöll volcano â Global Volcanism Program Volcano number 1702-02=). The initial visual report of the eruption was at 23:52 GMT, when a red cloud was observed at the volcano, lightening up the sky above the eruptive site. 1612 Eruption
Lett., 31, L14610, doi:10.1029/2004GL020368, 2004.Sigmundsson, F., Geirsson, H., Hooper, A. J., Hjaltadottir, S., Vogfjord, K. S., Sturkell, E. C., Pedersen, R., Pinel, V., Fabien, A., Einarsson, P. Gudmundsson, M. T., Ofeigsson, B., Feigl, K., Magma ascent at coupled volcanoes: Episodic magma injection at Katla and Eyjafjallajökull ice-covered volcanoes in Iceland and the onset of a new unrest episode in 2009, Eos Trans. A significant eruption is continuing at Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland. In December 1821 an eruption formed a new crater at Eyjafjallajokull volcano. Anders Schomacker, Johannes Krüger and Kurt H. Kjær, p. 5-21, 2009.Hjaltadottir, S., K. S. Vogfjord and R. Slunga, 2009. This change suggests that an equillibrium has been reached in magma flow in and out of the volcano.Plot showing the displacement (pdf file - data from Sigrún Hreinsdóttir, runa@hi.is)Eyjafjallajokull Volcano - GPS Time Series (by Sigrún Hreinsdóttir)New map of the lava flow from 21 - 24 March 2010 (by Eyjólfur Magnússon, pdf file), Results from observations flights over the eruption site 21 and 22 March 2010 (pdf file compiled by Eyjólfur Magnússon). The eruption was accompanied by earthquakes and has opened up a new vent. Overall, the eruption was ⦠Over 20 lightning recorded in the eruption plume over a 4 hour period. There was another glacial outburst earlier in the day at Gígjökull glacial tongue. 14th April 2010 update
Flow in the Markarfljót river increased significantly and the water level has risen by 84 centimeters. Seismic signs of magma pathways through the crust at Eyjafjallajokull volcanoe, South Iceland, Icelandic Meteorological office report, VI 2009-013http://www.vedur.is/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_013.pdfHooper, A., R. Pedersen, F. Sigmundsson, Constraints on magma intrusion at Eyjafjallajökull and Katla volcanoes in Iceland, from time series SAR interferometry, In: The VOLUME project â Volcanoes: Understanding subsurface mass movement, eds. Bad weather makes visual observations difficult, but surveillance flights with radar and temperature sensors will shed light on the new conditions later today. RÃkislögreglustjórinn og Háskólaútgáfan. Ab⦠Eruptive products can be split into three categories:1. An earthquake swarm began under Eyjafjallajokull volcano in January 2010. About 45 people in Langidalur valley north of the Eyjafjallajökull glacier were isolated by the eruption, and 800 people were evacuated. Based on: IMO seismic monitoring; IES-IMO GPS monitoring; IMO hydrological data; web camera; lightning detection system and flights over the eruption site 11 and 14 June. Ash emission from Eyjafjallajokull volcano forced the temporary closure of schools in southern Iceland. Earthquakes and Eruptions in Iceland 2010 from hjalli on Vimeo. Atmosphere Land Volcanoes Update on activity in Eyjafjallajökull 2010 Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland. The grounding of flights has already cost the British economy about £1 billion, with £230m losses for every day of further disruption. The Fimmvörðuháls activity can be seen east of the current eruption site. Ash emissions are reaching a height of 33,000 ft. Eruptive products can be split into three categories along with preliminary estimated erupted volumes: 1. Tephra filling the glacial lagoon of Gígjökulslón, car⦠Phreatomatic explosive activity occurs with some lava spatter at craters.Plume height: about 3 kmTephra dispersal: local towards the southMeltwater: minor, but what is melted flows down into Markarfljót, no signs of water accumulation in cratersSeismic tremor recorded by the Icelandic Meteorological Office: some fluctuations but mostly stable. After a short hiatus in eruptive activity a new set of craters opened up in early morning of 14 April under the volcanoâs ice covered central summit caldera. Emissions from the volcano are drifting across the UK, and are heading for central and eastern Europe. GPS deformation:The seismic activity beneath Mýrdalsjökull glacier does not appear to be related to inflation of the area. 22nd April Update
The eruption resulted in the cancellation of 17,000 flights, worldwide. 1, was closed between Skógar and the crossroads to Gunnarsholt east of Hella. Compiled by: Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Magnús Tumi Guðmundsson, Guðrún Larsen, NÃels Ãskarsson, Sigurður Reynir GÃslason, Páll Einarsson, Sigrún Hreinsdóttir, Rikke Pedersen, Ãrmann Höskuldsson, Guðrún Sverrisdóttir, other staff of Institute of Earth Sciences and collaborators. Air space over large part of Europe continues to be closed. Case study - eruption in a developed country: Eyjafjallajökull. The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull were volcanic events at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland which, although relatively small for volcanic eruptions, caused enormous disruption to air travelacross western and northern Europe over an initial period of six days in April 2010. At the beginning of March 2010 over 3000 earthquakes were measured in a 24 hour period, with a maximum at magnitude 3.1. Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull Volcano, Iceland. Conditions at eruption site: At the eastern, southern and western sides of the crater lake is a wall of ice. 18th April update
Tephra fall begins in southeast Iceland. Five million travelers are stranded, waiting for flights to resume. Steam clouds:Height (a.s.l. From the preliminary GPS results three phases in the signal development can be identified: (i) the first one started at the end of December by a southward motion of THEY, (ii) at the beginning of February, the direction of displacement at THEY changed to the SW, at the same time as eastward motion of station SKOG began, (iii) since the 5th of March, rapid deformation is observed at STE2, both towards north west and up. The eruption lit up the night sky so residents could see perfectly as in the day time. 2010. Travel was severely disrupted as many flights were cancelled between 14 and 21 April 2010. "It's last major eruption was in about 186 A.D. and it has a history of major explosive eruptions every two thousand years. Earthquakes: A few small, shallow earthquakes have been recorded beneath the Eyjafjallajökull summit in the last weeks. Effects of the eruption within Europe. Eruption rate is inferred to have declined over last few days and now be an order of magnitude smaller than during the initial 72 hours of the eruption. This page contains scientific data and results from the staff of the Institute of Earth Sciences and various collaborators. Ash is approaching the coast of Canada near Newfoundland, and is expected to reach the coast at about 1 pm. Developments in Quaternary Sciences, vol., 13, eds. 2. Ashfall was reported in Vik, southern Iceland on 8th May. GPS stations around Eyjafjallajokull volcano (http://notendur.hi.is/runa/eyja_gps.html) show continued deflation of the region, but now at a much slower rate at the stations closest to the summit. About 5000 flights were disrupted on Friday as ash drifted towards Europe. April), two GPS stations located north (STE2) and south (THEY) of the summit crater moved rapidly toward the eruption site (about 6 cm contraction between stations). The erupted products were fragmented material, the majority fine-grained airborne tephra. 2010 Eruption
This photo was taken at sunrise on a Saturday morning in October, by Ólafur Sigurjónsson who lives in Forsæti III nearby and has done frequent flying across the eruptive area. There have been no changes in crater size at Eyjafjallajokull volcano since 19th April. Over 30 earthquakes less than magnitude 2 were recorded at a depth of 30 km. This is the first time that British airspace has been totally closed. With a VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) of four, the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull was not one of the largest recorded eruptions, but the resulting damage was significant. C. J. Bean, A. K. Braiden, I. Lokmer, F. Martini, G. S. OâBrien, School of Geological Sciences, University College Dublin, p. 13-24, 2009Larsen, G., 1999. Several MODIS thermal images on 21 March show a temperature anomaly where the eruption is occurring. Radar images acquired yesterday, 20 April, by the Icelandic Coast Guard showed no changes in the size of the cauldron at the eruption site of Eyjafjallajökull, compared with images from 19 April - Eyjólfur Magnússon, 20. Eruption plume from Eyjafjallajökull seen on MODIS image taken on April 15th at 11:39. It is a continuation of eruptive activity in the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system that began 20 March 2010. The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull produced volcanic ash that was mostly deposited to the south and east of the volcano with the thickest deposits closest to the eruption vents. Tephra sedimentation during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption (Iceland) from deposit, radar, and satellite observations C. Bonadonna,1 R. Genco,2 M. Gouhier,3 M. Pistolesi,4 R. Cioni,5,6 F. Alfano,1 A. Hoskuldsson,7 and M. Ripepe2 Received 22 April 2011; revised 5 October 2011; accepted 6 October 2011; published 16 December 2011. At the beginning of March 2010 over 3000 earthquakes were measured in a 24 hour period, with a maximum at magnitude 3.1. This picture taken on March 27, 2010 shows lava spurting out of the site of a volcanic eruption at the Eyjafjallajökull volcano some 125 km east of Reykjavik. The volcano continued to have several earthquakes daily, with volcanologists watching the mountain closely. The station had been moving south since the intrusion activity started in the end of December. Eruptions continue from Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland, with ash emissions to 4500 m altitude. The first 2010 eruption occurred at Fimmvörðuháls. Note that parts of the glaciers are greyish/black due to the ashfall (i.e. Iceland has several volcanoes and is situated on two tectonic plates â the North American plate and Eurasian plate. The Institute of Earth Sciences made a preliminary estimate of erupted material in the first three days of the eruption on 14 April 2010 at Eyjafjallajökull. Eruption in Iceland at the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system begins 20 March 2010An eruption began in South Iceland in late evening of 20 March 2010 at the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system (also known as Eyjafjöll volcano â Global Volcanism Program Volcano number 1702-02=). The magma composition may reflect evolution from alkali-olivine basalt by crystal fractionation as erupted in the initial phase.Contacts:Freysteinn Sigmundsson (fs@hi.is), Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson (mtg@hi.is), Niels Oskarsson (nielso@hi.is), Gudrun Larsen (glare@raunvis.hi.is), Sigrun Hreinsdottir (runa@hi.is), Pall Einarsson (palli@hi.is), Rikke Pedersen (rikke@hi.is), Ingibjorg Jonsdottir (ij@hi.is), Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland. at the site of the vent that was active 4 â 6 June. The closure resulted in 10 million passengers left stranded across the world. 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